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991.
Luísa D.V.Carvalho Tiago Jalowitzki Ricardo Scholz Guilherme O.Gonalves Marcelo Peres Rocha Rogério Silvestre Pereir Cristiano Lana Marco Paulo de Castro Gláucia Queiroga Reinhardt A.Fuck 《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,(1):182-203
We present major and trace element compositions of mineral concentrates comprising garnet xenocrysts,ilmenite,phlogopite,spinel,zircon,and uncommon minerals (ti... 相似文献
992.
993.
Maria Salonen Tuuli ToivonenJean-Michel Cohalan Oliver T. Coomes 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):501-513
Quantitative measures of accessibility are increasingly used in land cover change modeling and in assessing human pressure on the environment. In riverine Amazonia the significance of physical accessibility for biodiversity, land use patterns and economic livelihoods is widely acknowledged, but attempts to quantify accessibility in practice have been few in number. In this study we compare different distance- and frequency-based measures of spatial accessibility and develop a quantitative model of accessibility patterns for the north-eastern Peruvian Amazonia where rivers form the core of the transportation network. We model accessibility between the rural areas of the Loreto region and the capital city of Iquitos, using different distance algorithms in a geographic information system, and complement the distance model with information on river boat frequencies and transport capacities. Patterns of accessibility are visualized in terms of potential production zones for different types of agricultural and non-timber forest products.This study demonstrates how results from different accessibility measures vary considerably. The mean Euclidean distance to Iquitos is almost 270 km, the mean network distance nearly 760 km and the mean travel time 70 h. Observed network distances from validation points to Iquitos are on average 1.6 times longer than Euclidean distances, and for the whole study area, the average ratio between modeled network distances and Euclidean distances is 3.1. The correlation between network distances and time distances is very strong, but time distances are relatively shorter along the major channels where boat traffic is considerably faster than along narrow, tightly meandering rivers. Measures of boat frequency and transport capacity show that availability of transport possibilities is highly varying across the region. These measures provide insights into the ’thickness’ of trade, indicating the level of market integration for riverine settlements. We conclude that quantifying accessibility in an environment like Peruvian Amazonia requires measures that take into account the spatial structure and dynamic nature of the riverine transportation network. Time as a unit of distance provides the most relevant measure of accessibility in the Amazonian context, where many human actions and traditional livelihoods are controlled by travel times between the regional core and the hinterland. 相似文献
994.
Comparison of conceptual landscape metrics to define hillslope-scale sediment delivery ratio 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The aim of this study was to evaluate four metrics to define the spatially variable (regionalised) hillslope sediment delivery ratio (HSDR). A catchment model that accounted for gully and streambank erosion and floodplain deposition was used to isolate the effects of hillslope gross erosion and hillslope delivery from other landscape processes. The analysis was carried out at the subcatchment (~ 40 km2) and the cell scale (400 m2) in the Avon-Richardson catchment (3300 km2), south-east Australia. The four landscape metrics selected for the study were based on sediment travel time, sediment transport capacity, flux connectivity, and residence time. Model configurations with spatially-constant or regionalised HSDR were calibrated against sediment yield measured at five gauging stations. The impact of using regionalised HSDR was evaluated in terms of improved model performance against measured sediment yields in a nested monitoring network, the complexity and data requirements of the metric, and the resulting spatial relationship between hillslope erosion and landscape factors in the catchment and along hillslope transects. The introduction of a regionalised HSDR generally improved model predictions of specific sediment yields at the subcatchment scale, increasing model efficiency from 0.48 to > 0.6 in the best cases. However, the introduction of regionalised HSDR metrics at the cell scale did not improve model performance. The flux connectivity was the most promising metric because it showed the largest improvement in predicting specific sediment yields, was easy to implement, was scale-independent and its formulation was consistent with sedimentological connectivity concepts. These properties make the flux connectivity metric preferable for applications to catchments where climatic conditions can be considered homogeneous, i.e. in small-medium sized basins (up to approximately 3000 km2 for Australian conditions, with the Avon-Richardson catchment being at the upper boundary). The residence time metric improved model assessment of sediment yields and enabled accounting for climatic variability on sediment delivery, but at the cost of greater complexity and data requirements; this metric might be more suitable for application in catchments with important climatic gradients, i.e. large basins and at the regional scale. The application of a regionalised HSDR metric did not increase data or computational requirements substantially, and is recommended to improve assessment of hillslope erosion in empirical, semi-lumped erosion modelling applications. However, more research is needed to assess the quality of spatial patterns of erosion depicted by the different landscape metrics. 相似文献
995.
Jessica R. Rodysill James M. Russell Satria Bijaksana Erik T. Brown La Ode Safiuddin Hilde Eggermont 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(1):125-139
Variations in the location and strength of convection in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) have a profound impact on the
distribution and amount of global rainfall. Much of the variability in WPWP convection is attributed to variations in the
El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, for which the long-term trends and forcing mechanisms remain poorly understood. Despite the
importance of WPWP convection to global climate change, we have very few paleohydrological reconstructions from the region.
Here we present a new paleolimnologic and paleohydrologic record spanning the past 1,400 years using a multi-proxy dataset
from Lake Logung, located in East Java, Indonesia that provides insights into centennial-scale trends in warm pool hydrology.
Organic matter δ13C data indicate that East Java became wetter over the last millennium until ca. 1800 Common Era (CE), consistent with evidence
for the southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during this time. Superimposed on this long-term
trend are four decade- to century-scale droughts, inferred from organic matter δ13C and calcite abundance data. They are centered at 1030, 1550, 1830, and 1996 CE. The three more recent droughts correlate
with hydrologic anomalies documented in other proxy records from the WPWP region on both sides of the equator, and the two
most recent droughts correlate in time with historically documented periods of multiple, intense El Ni?o events. Thus, our
record provides strong evidence that century-scale hydrologic variability in this region relates to changes in the Walker
Circulation. Human activity within the lake catchment is apparent since 1860 CE. 相似文献
996.
Gabriella Sch?ll-Barna Attila Demény Gábor Serlegi Szilvia Fábián Pál Sümegi István Fórizs Bernadett Bajnóczi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(1):87-100
Geochemical records of bivalve shells have been increasingly studied in the last decade to obtain information on climate conditions.
In this paper we present stable isotope compositions of living and prehistoric shells of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and
their relationships with climate conditions in a shallow lake environment of Lake Balaton, West-Central Hungary. Physical
conditions and stable oxygen isotope compositions of lake water samples were monitored where living bivalves were collected.
Comparisons between seasonal variations in ambient temperature, water composition and within-shell isotopic variations indicate
that the shells of Unio pictorum do reflect local changes at high resolution and thus can be used to study past conditions. Additionally, shells covering
the last two decades were gathered at several locations along the lake in order to determine spatial and temporal variations
in the shells’ isotopic compositions as a function of weather conditions. As an application, prehistoric shells collected
in archaeological excavations were analysed in order to study past environmental variations. Climate variations during the
Late Copper Age (5460–4870 cal. yr BP) have been assumed on the basis of geomorphological and archaeozoological observations
at the site Balatonkeresztúr-Réti-dűlő (south of Lake Balaton), that suggested increasing humidity as a cause of changes in
settlement location and domestic livestock husbandry. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of prehistoric bivalve
shells were analyzed from excavations representing five archaeological subphases (Boleráz subphase, 5460–5310 cal. yr BP;
two transitional subphases around 5310 cal. yr BP; Early Classic subphase, 5310–5060 cal. yr BP; Late Classic subphase, 5040–4870 cal.
yr BP). The analyses revealed significant negative C and O isotope shifts in the transitional subphases relative to the earlier
and later subphases. The isotopic variations indicate that the local climate became relatively wet and possibly cold around
5310 cal. yr BP, then it returned to drier (and likely warmer) conditions during the Classic subphases. This interpretation
is in agreement with previous studies on climate changes related to the “5.3 ky event” in the European continental area and
the North Atlantic Region, indicating an Atlantic influence in the Carpathian Basin. 相似文献
997.
M. Horrocks W. T. Baisden M. K. Nieuwoudt J. Flenley D. Feek L. González Nualart S. Haoa-Cardinali T. Edmunds Gorman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(2):185-204
Previous wetland vegetation records from Easter Island showing deforestation and Polynesian agriculture are limited to cores
that rely on pollen, with a single cultigen pollen type identified: Urticaceae/Moraceae, possibly Broussonetia
payrifera (paper mulberry). Here we redress this by also using phytolith and starch analyses on four lake sediment cores on a ~350-m
transect along the southwest edge of Rano Kau, focusing on in-washed basal clayey layers. We also use a new method, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, to positively identify degraded starch collected from sedimentary deposits. The cores are
the first samples recovered from an area in the lake that (a) lies below the relict village of Orongo, (b) is near a section
of the crater believed to be most accessible from the Pacific coast, and (c) is far from the northern crater rim and receives
high solar radiation, a likely benefit for crops of tropical origin. Pollen and phytoliths are abundant in the clayey layers
and sparse in overlying layers of organic lake detritus and living rhizomes. Mixing of core deposits as a result of human
activity has disordered the radiocarbon sequence, precluding development of an reliable chronology. Containing microfossils
of several introduced cultigens, the clayey layers represent gardened terraces that have slumped into the lake. The data indicate
large-scale deforestation and a mixed-crop production system including Broussonetia
papyrifera, Colocasia
esculenta (taro), Dioscorea
alata (greater yam), Ipomoea
batatas (sweet potato), Lagenaria
siceraria (bottle gourd) and Musa (banana) sp. The data show (a) the potential for using the combined analyses to provide direct evidence of Polynesian horticulture
on Easter Island and (b) that the island’s wetlands potentially hold extensive horticultural records. The study highlights
the concept of ‘transported landscapes,’ whereby colonising people replace indigenous forests with artificial, imported agricultural
landscapes. 相似文献
998.
Radovan Pipík Anne-Marie Bodergat Danielle Briot Michal Ková? Ján Král’ Grzegorz Zielinski 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(2):233-249
The Turiec Basin (TB) of Slovakia formed in the Miocene when the West Carpathians escaped from the Alpine region. The 1,250-m-thick
sedimentary Neogene fill of the basin preserved fossil leaves as well as endemic bivalves, gastropods, and ostracodes. The
paleolimnologic changes recorded in the TB infill were derived from the most abundant fossils, the ostracodes. Five contemporaneous
ostracode assemblages within the Late Miocene lacustrine system were distinguished through statistical analysis. These assemblages
have low species similarity, between 2.1 and 24.1%, and are recognized by shape differences among the Candoninae. The ostracode
assemblages, mollusca fossils, and Sr-isotope ratios suggest a low-salinity environment at the beginning of the Late Miocene,
during a brief connection with the Central Paratethys. When the connection ceased, the basin became an isolated freshwater
lake, with five zones differentiated ecologically and bathymetrically using the ostracode assemblages. Taxonomic comparison
of the faunas of the TB and the freshwater to brackish Neogene basins of Europe demonstrates the endemic character of the
TB ostracode fauna. The biologic characteristics of the ostracode families, along with the geology of the lake basin, suggest
that the longevity of the Late Miocene lake probably exceeded 1 Ma. 相似文献
999.
Federico M. Dávila Mario E. Giménez Julieta C. Nóbile M. Patricia Martínez 《Basin Research》2012,24(6):615-636
The Pipanaco Basin, in the southern margin of the Andean Puna plateau at ca. 28°SL, is one of the largest and highest intermontane basins within the northernmost Argentine broken foreland. With a surface elevation >1000 m above sea level, this basin represents a strategic location to understand the subsidence and subsequent uplift history of high‐elevation depositional surfaces within the distal Andean foreland. However, the stratigraphic record of the Pipanaco Basin is almost entirely within the subsurface, and no geophysical surveys have been conducted in the region. A high‐resolution gravity study has been designed to understand the subsurface basin geometry. This study, together with stratigraphic correlations and flexural and backstripping analysis, suggests that the region was dominated by a regional subsidence episode of ca. 2 km during the Miocene‐Pliocene, followed by basement thrusting and ca. 1–1.5 km of sediment filling within restricted intermontane basin between the Pliocene‐Pleistocene. Based on the present‐day position of the basement top as well as the Neogene‐Present sediment thicknesses across the Sierras Pampeanas, which show slight variations along strike, sediment aggradation is not the most suitable process to account for the increase in the topographic level of the high‐elevation, close‐drainage basins of Argentina. The close correlation between the depth to basement and the mean surface elevations recorded in different swaths indicates that deep‐seated geodynamic process affected the northern Sierras Pampeanas. Seismic tomography, as well as a preliminary comparison between the isostatic and seismic Moho, suggests a buoyant lithosphere beneath the northern Sierras Pampeanas, which might have driven the long‐wavelength rise of this part of the broken foreland after the major phase of deposition in these Andean basins. 相似文献
1000.
Piston cores from deep-water bottom deposits in Lake Ontario contain shallow-water sediments such as, shell-rich sand and
silt, marl, gyttja, and formerly exposed shore deposits including woody detritus, peat, sand and gravel, that are indicative
of past periods of significantly lower water levels. These and other water-level indicators such as changes in rates of sedimentation,
mollusc shells, pollen, and plant macrofossils were integrated to derive a new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin
using an empirical model of isostatic adjustment for the Great Lakes basin to restore dated remnants of former lake levels
to their original elevations. The earliest dated low-level feature is the Grimsby-Oakville bar which was constructed in the
western end of the lake during a near stillstand at 11–10.4 (12.9–12.3 cal) ka BP when Early Lake Ontario was confluent with
the Champlain Sea. Rising Lake Ontario basin outlet sills, a consequence of differential isostatic rebound, severed the connection
with Champlain Sea and, in combination with the switch of inflowing Lake Algonquin drainage northward to Ottawa River valley
via outlets near North Bay and an early Holocene dry climate with enhanced evaporation, forced Lake Ontario into a basin-wide
lowstand between 10.4 and 7.5 (12.3 and 8.3 cal) ka BP. During this time, Lake Ontario operated as a closed basin with no
outlets, and sites such as Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, Henderson Harbor, and a site near Amherst Island existed as small
isolated basins above the main lake characterized by shallow-water, lagoonal or marsh deposits and fossils indicative of littoral
habitats and newly exposed mudflats. Rising lake levels resulting from increased atmospheric water supply brought Lake Ontario
above the outlet sills into an open, overflowing state ending the closed phase of the lake by ~7.5 (8.3 cal) ka BP. Lake levels
continued to rise steadily above the Thousand Islands sill through mid-to-late Holocene time culminating at the level of modern
Lake Ontario. The early and middle Holocene lake-level changes are supported by temperature and precipitation trends derived
from pollen-climate transfer functions applied to Roblin Lake on the north side of Lake Ontario. 相似文献